四级阅读理解的技能二

   如: is/are （called），means，can be defined as，refer to，is/are known as，signify等，例: Food fallacies refer t
        o beliefs about food that are not true. 或标点符号，如——，（）等，例: Multiplexing—— transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.
        有时，作者用同位语形式或连词or给出定义，例: Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates，“hollow-gutted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.
        
        ②近义复述。同一短文中上下毗邻的句子通常有互释作用，我们可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一词相关的信息来猜度词义。例:
        Mr.and Mrs.Firth had a long courtship.They dated for nine years before they got married.
        
        ③ 反义对照。在表示对照的上下文中，常包含有意义相反的词语或概念，这些意义相反的概念可以互为线索，帮助我们猜度词义。表示对照的上下文中常有以下一些信号词:although，but，however，though，whereas，while，yet，on the contrary， on the other hand等。
        例:Chimpanzees（猩猩）in the wild use simple objects as tools，but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.
        
        ④ 搭配集合。利用词与词的搭配或该词所出现的语境，我们也能推知出词义的大概轮廓。例: People gathered to look.Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket （套，壳）of the radiator.
        
        ⑤比较举例。上下文中的比较和举例，能揭示比较物或例举物之间的共性，我们可根据这些共性来推知有关词语的意思。例: Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.
        
        ⑥ 因果时间。因与果、时间的先与后都是事物发展变化过程中的必然关系，在利用上下文推测词义时，这些关系也至关重要。例: Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
        
        ⑦常识。常识包括我们的生活经历、经验常识以及自己专业方面的知识，在阅读到与自己专业相近的文章时，我们都会感到相对容易，这正是我们的专业知识在帮我们理解。例: An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity.